第 1 讲 定语从句
在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词
叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
A real friend is someone who ① walks in when the rest of the world walk out.A real friend is
someone whose ② support we can count on.A real friend is someone who ① sees our true self ， not
just the face who/whom/that ③ we show to the world.Yet these days ， the modern tools that keep us
connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends
online ， but these friendships can be quite shallow.Social media like blogs has come between us
and the friends who/whom/that ③ we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-
face chatting. “ Sharing ” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values
which/that ④ matter most to us. “ Liking ” our friends ’ photos online does not develop the
connection which/that ④ we share.To make friends a real part of our lives ， we should put down our
smartphones and meet them in person.
[ 规 则 感 悟 ] ① 关 系 词 指 人 作 主 语 ， 可 以 用 who ， that 引 导 。 若 先 行 词 为
someone ， anyone ， one 等时，关系词只能用 who 。②关系词作定语，用 whose 引导，既可以
指人也可以指物。③关系词指人作宾语，可以用 who ， whom ， that 引导。④关系词指物作
主语或宾语，可以用 which ， that 引导。
1 ． who ， whom 和 whose 引导的定语从句。
(1)who 和 whom 都指人。 who 在定语从句中作主语、宾语； whom 在定语从句中作宾语，在
限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用 who 代替 whom 。
(2)whose 指人的或物的，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用 of which 代替，指人时可用 of
whom 代替。
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.
有些成功的语言学习者，在其他领域常常会失败。
I have many friends ( who/whom ) I ’ m going to send postcards to.
我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片给他们。
My eldest son ， whose work takes him all over the world ， is in New York at the moment.
我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他在全世界到处跑。
2 ． that 和 which 引导的定语从句
that 代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物，但是 which 代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关
系词要注意以下两点：
(1)6 种只用 that 引导定语从句的情况。
① 先行词是 all ， everything ， anything ， nothing ， something ， little ， much ， none ， few ， the
one 等不定代词时。
② 先行词被 all ， any ， few ， every ， no ， little ， much ， some 等修饰时。
③ 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。
④ 先行词被 the only ， the very ( 正是，恰是 ), the last 修饰时。
⑤ 先行词既有人又有物时。
⑥ 当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。
(2)4 种只用 which 引导定语从句的情况。
① 引导非限制性定语从句时。
② 先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。
③ 先行词本身是 that 时。
④ 关系代词后有插入语时。
3 ． as 引导的定语从句
as 引导限制性定语从句主要用于 the same...as... ， such...as... 和 so...as... 结构中。 as 既可以指
人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
We have found the same materials as are used in their factory. 我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使
用的一样的材料。
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。
4 ． 引导非限制性定语从句时 as 与 which 的区别
关系词
位置不同
表意不同
as
既可以放在主句前，也可以放在
主句后，有时还可插入主句中
意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多用
see ， know ， expect ， say ， mention ， report
等
which
通常放在主句之后
意为“这一点”或“这件事”等
As anybody can see ， the elephant is like a snake.
正如每个人所看到的一样，这头大象像一条蛇。
The number of smokers ， as is reported ， has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
正如报道的那样，吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。
She married again ， which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
5 ． 定语从句中的主谓一致
(1) 关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是
句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。
The recorder that has been given to me is homemade. 给我的那台录音机是国产的。
(2) “ one of ＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的
谓语动词常用复数，但当 one 前有 the 、 the only 、 the very 等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单
数。
He is one of the students who have made great progress. 他是取得很大进步的学生之一。
He is the only one of the students who has made great progress.
他是这些学生中唯一一个取得很大进步的学生。
对点练习
1 ． BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool which/that gives an indication of
whether someone is a healthy weight.(2021· 浙江 1 月 )
2 ． Dr Rowan ， whose secretary resigned two weeks ago ， has had to do all his own typing.
3 ． The lady who is(be) standing behind the counter is my sister.
4 ． As is widely accepted ， in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses ， but this
is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.
5 ． When they met again ， the two friends talked about lots of things and persons that they could
remember in the school.
6 ． Then Mr Green read some reviews of the play ， which said it was a terrible one.
A recent survey has found that many people suffer from sleep problems.Some are unable to
fall asleep ， some wake up in the middle of the night ， and others simply do not get enough
sleep.One of the reasons why ① people fail to get a good night ’ s sleep is pressure from school or
work.Noise pollution and light pollution in big cities may also contribute to sleep problems.In the
short term ， people with sleep problems often feel tired and have trouble concentrating.In the long
term ， they may be at increased risk of having a poor memory ， being overweight and suffering a
heart attack.Sleep problems are especially dangerous for teenagers.They are still growing ， and
night is the time when ② their bodies grow faster.Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience
situations where ③ body development slows down ， and their health suffers.
So ， if you have trouble getting a good night ’ s sleep ， it might be time to make some
changes in your lifestyle.
[ 规则感悟 ] ①先行词表示原因，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词 why 。 ②先行词表示
时间，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词 when 。③先行词表示情况，关系词在从句中作
状语，用关系副词 where 。
1 ．关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。
先行词
关系副词
在从句中的作用
与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词：
time ， day ， year 等
when
作时间状语
＝ at/in/on/during which
表示场所的名词：
par
k ， place ， country ， house
等
where
作地点状语
＝ in/at/to/on which
表示原因的名词： reason
why
作原因状语
＝ for which
We live in an age when ( in which ) more information is available with great ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。
The school where ( at which ) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away. 我只在那里上
了两年学的那所学校离这里有 3 000 米 远 。
The reason why ( for which ) he didn ’ t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.
他 没 有通 过驾照考试 的原因是他 缺乏练 习。
2
．
有
时
先
行
词
是
表
示
抽
象
地
点
的
名
词
，
像
activity ， business ， career ， case ， job ， point ， position ， race ， stage ， situation 等，当从句中
缺 少状语时，用关系副词 where 。
They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other.
他们已经到了 必须 分 手 的地步。
3 ．先行词 occasion 意为“时机”时，用关系副词 when ；意为“场合”时，用关系副词
where 。
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health.
我 记 得他很少有因为 健康 不 佳而 不得不取 消 会 议 的情况。
Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a
challenge.
在很多大人物到场的正 式 场合 带 上她 对 我 而 言是一种 挑战 。
4 ．当先行词 way 意为“ 方法 、 方式 ”，且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用 that ， in which 或
省略关系词。
It ’ s not what you say ； it ’ s the way ( that/in which ) you say it.
