第 3 讲 形容词和副词
I bought an interesting ① novel yesterday.The book is so interesting ② that I can hardly let go
of it. Worried ③ about my study , my mother took it away.However , I found my mother
absorbed ④ in it.
My mother is reading the novel attentively ⑤ now and she is quite ⑤ moved by
it. Obviously ⑥ , she won ’ t return the book to me soon.
[ 规则感悟 ] ①修饰名词,往往用形容词作定语。②在系动词之后,往往用形容词作表语。
③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。④在“感官或使役动词+宾语”之后,形容词
可以作宾补,说明宾语的状态。⑤副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态
的程度。⑥副词可以放在句首,作评论性状语,修饰整个句子。
1 . 形容词的构词规则
(1) 名词转换为形容词的规则
类别
例词
词尾加 -y
clou
d → cloudy , luck → lucky , health → healthy , wind → windy , salt → salty
词尾加 -(e)d
gif
t → gifted , talent → talented , experience → experienced , detail → detailed ,
age → aged
词尾加 -ful/-less
meaning → meaningful/meaningless , care → careful/
careless , help → helpful/helpless , harm → harmful/
harmless , colour → colourful/colourless , use → useful/
useless , thank → thankful/thankless
词尾加 -able
comfor
t → comfortable , knowledge → knowledgeable , remark → remarkable , fash
ion → fashionable , reason → reasonable
词尾加 -ous
danger → dangerous , courage → courageous , humor → humorous
词尾变 -ce 为 -t
absenc
e → absent , confidence → confident , difference → different , elegance → eleg
ant , persistence → persistent , significance → significant
词尾 ( 去 e) 加 -al
musi
c → musical , person → personal , nation → national , education → educationa
l , tradition → traditional , profession → professional
词尾去 -e 加 -al
或 -ial
agricultur
e → agricultural , culture → cultural , globe → global , universe → universal ,
virtue → virtual , commerce → commercial , finance → financial
词尾加 -ly
friend → friendly , week → weekly , love → lovely
词尾加 -en
wood → wooden , wool → woolen
词尾去 -e 或 -y
加 -etic/-ic
athlet
e → athletic , energy → energetic , scene → scenic , economy → economic , hi
story → historic
其他常见变化
habit → habitual , fool → foolish , pleasure → pleasant/
please
d , science → scientific , medicine → medical , day → daily , influence → infl
uential , south → southern
注意 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节名词加后缀 -y 变成形容词时,要双写该辅音字母
再加 -y ,如: sun → sunny , fun → funny 等。以 -e 结尾的名词加 -y 变形容词时要去掉 e 再加 -
y ,如: noise → noisy , ice → icy , taste → tasty 等。
(2) 动词转换为形容词的规则
类别
例词
词前加 -a
live → alive , wake → awake , sleep → asleep
词尾加 -ed/-d
excit
e → excited , educate → educated , relax → relaxed , challenge → challeng
ed , crowd → crowded , balance → balanced
词尾 ( 去 e) 加 -ing
surpris
e → surprising , convince → convincing , frighten → frightening , appeal
→ appealing , reward → rewarding , invite → inviting
词尾 ( 去 e) 加 -able
accep
t → acceptable , respect → respectable , enjoy → enjoyable , adjust → adju
stable , afford → affordable , bear → bearable , suit → suitable , recogniz
e → recognizable
词尾 ( 去 e) 加 -ive/-
ative/-itive
ac
t → active , attract → attractive , compare → comparative , compete → co
mpetitive , create → creative , impress → impressive , relate → relative ,
select → selective
注意 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节名词加后缀 -y 变成形容词时,要双写该辅音字母
再加 -y ,如: sun → sunny , fun → funny 等。以 -e 结尾的名词加 -y 变形容词时要去掉 e 再加 -
y ,如: noise → noisy , ice → icy , taste → tasty 等。
2 . 形容词变副词的规则
类别
例词
(1) 一般形容词变副词直接在其后加 -ly 。
quick → quickly , anxious → anxiously
(2) 以辅音字母+ e 结尾的形容词直接加 -ly ,以元音
字母+ e 结尾的形容词去掉 e 再加 -ly 。
immediat
e → immediately , polite → politely , true
→ truly
(3) 以辅音字母+ le 结尾的形容词要去掉 e 再加 -y 。
possibl
e → possibly , probable → probably
(4) 以辅音字母+ y 结尾的形容词要变 y 为 i 再加 -
ly 。
happy → happily , healthy → healthily
(5) 以 ic 结尾的形容词要在其后加 -ally 。
economi
c → economically , basic → basically
(6) 以 ll 结尾的形容词要在其后加 -y 。
full → fully , dull → dully
注意 下面这两个单词是特殊的形式: whole → wholly public → publicly
3 . 常见的以 -ly 结尾的形容词
(1) 表示时间的形容词: hourly 每小时的; daily 每天的; weekly 每周的; monthly 每月的;
yearly 每年的; timely 及时的,适时的。
(2) 表示人的形容词: manly 有男子气概的; womanly 女性特有的; motherly 慈母般的;
fatherly 慈父般的; comradely 同志般的。
(3) 表示人的外貌、特征、性格、心理等的形容词: lovely 可爱的; friendly 友好的; ugly 难
看的; lively 活泼的; lonely 孤独的; unfriendly 不友好的; kindly 亲切的; sickly 多病的;
elderly 年长的。
(4) 表示事物特征、环境、情况、状态的形容词: likely 可能的; orderly 整齐的; deadly 致命
的; chilly 寒冷的; disorderly 乱七八糟的; unlikely 不大可能发生的。
4 . 如何区分 -ed 结尾的形容词与 -ing 结尾的形容词
(1)-ing 结尾的形容词主要用于修饰物或事,表示事物的性质或特征,常译为“令人……的”。
(2)-ed 结尾的形容词通常用于说明人的感受,常译为“感到……的”,也可以修饰事物,多
修 饰 smile( 微 笑 ) , appearance( 外 貌 ) , face( 面 部 表 情 ) , voice( 声 音 ) , look( 表 情 ) ,
expression( 表情 ) 等表示人的情绪状况的名词。
He had a pleased smile on his face.
他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
He told me the news in a very excited voice.
