第 1 讲 名词
Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several companies ① .He works seven days ① a week
and 12 months ② a year.In his spare time he likes watching football matches ③ .He likes eating
tomatoes ④ but he doesn ’ t eat vegetables with leaves ⑤ .He has two pet horses ⑥ and he often rides
them with his friends on Mr Black ’ s farm ⑦ because he thinks the scenery of the farm ⑧ is very
beautiful.Mr Black is a friend of his ⑨ , who raises some cows ⑥ and goats ⑥ .
[ 规则感悟 ] 1. 可数名词变复数
① 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i 加 -es ;以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词,加 -s 。②以 -th
结尾的名词加 -s 。③以 -s , -x , -ch , -sh 结尾的名词后加 -es( 如果词尾 -ch 发音为 /k/ ,要加 -s ,
如 stomach) 。④以 -o 结尾加 -es 的单词有:英雄 (heroes) 吃土豆 (potatoes) 番茄 (tomatoes) ,其他
多直接加 -s 。⑤以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的词,多变 f 或 fe 为 v ,再加 -es 。但也有直接加 -s 的单词,如:
屋顶 (roof) 上的首领 (chief) 有信仰 (belief) 。⑥大部分可数名词直接加 -s 。
2 . 名词的所有格
⑦ 有生命名词,不以 -s 结尾的名词加 - ’ s ;以 -s 结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加 - ’ 。⑧无
生命名词,通常用 of 所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为“名词+ of +名词所有格”
或者“名词+ of +名词性物主代词”。
1 . 不规则变化的名词复数
(1) 通过内部元音变化构成复数。如:
foot—feet 脚 goose—geese 鹅
tooth—teeth 牙齿 mouse—mice 老鼠
man—men 男人 woman—women 女人
(2) 有些名词的单复数形式相同。如:
sheep—sheep 绵羊 deer—deer 鹿
Chinese—Chinese 中国人
Japanese—Japanese 日本人
means—means 方法 series—series 系列
species—species 物种
crossroads—crossroads 十字路口
spacecraft—spacecraft 航天器
(3) 有的名词在词尾加 -ren 或 -en 构成复数。如:
child—children 孩子 ox—oxen 公牛
(4) 由 man , woman 构成的复合名词在变成复数时,与 man , woman 的变化形式相同。如:
gentleman—gentlemen 绅士
Englishman—Englishmen 英国男子
policeman—policemen 男警察
chairwoman—chairwomen 女主席
businessman—businessmen 商人
craftsman—craftsmen 工匠,手艺人
注意: German , human 的复数形式为 Germans , humans 。
(5) 外来词的不规则复数形式。如:
analysis—analyses 分析
basis—bases 基础
crisis—crises 危机
thesis—theses 论文
medium—media 媒介物
phenomenon—phenomena 现象
2 . 复合名词的单复数变化
(1) 中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。如:
birthday—birthdays 生日
blackboard—blackboards 黑板
bookshelf—bookshelves 书架
gentleman—gentlemen 绅士
(2) 中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如:
book worm—book worms
son-in-law—sons-in-law
looker-on—lookers-on
passer-by—passers-by
story-teller—story-tellers
(3) 无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如: grown-up—grown-ups
standby—standbys
(4) “ man/woman +名词”构成的合成词变复数时, man/woman 和名词均变为复数。
women singers 女歌手
men servants 男仆人
(5)
常
以
复
数
形
式
出
现
的
名
词
有
thanks , congratulations , wishes , greetings , shoes , trousers , works( 著 作 ; 工 厂 )
manners( 礼貌 ) , instructions( 指导;用法说明 ) , times( 时代 ) 等。
(6) 一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式,常见的有 take turns to do sth , in high spirits , make
friends with , shake hands with , make preparations for , make (both) ends meet , take pains to do
等。
3 . 名词所有格的特殊形式
(1) 并列的名词变所有格时,若表示不同的所有关系,则分别在两个名词后加 - ’ s ;如果表示
共有关系,则只在最后一个名词后加 - ’ s 。如:
Kate and Mary ’ s room
凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate ’ s and Mary ’ s rooms
凯特和玛丽各自的房间
(2) 表示店铺或某人的家时,名词所有格之后的 shop , house , home 等常省去。如:
at the doctor ’ s (office) 在 ( 医生的 ) 诊所里
at the barber ’ s (shop) 在理发店
at Mr Green ’ s (house) 在格林先生家
对点练习
1 . The team who won the three world championships(championship) would always get this cup.
2 . During the festival , which lasts three or four days , people are dressed in their best clothes and
participate in a variety of rich and colourful activities(activity) .
3 . The best solution might be to find the weaknesses(weakness) in the idea and to try and
strengthen them , rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea.
4 . Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passers-by(passer-by) .
5 . We usually expect Hollywood heroes(hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.
6 . He goes to the barber
’
s (barber) to have his hair cut every month.
To learn more knowledge ① , I have to do lots of homework ① every day and have no time ① to
have fun ② or do housework ① .Last week we had an exam but I didn ’ t perform
well.However , my teacher said that I had made great progress ② .So this exam is not a failure ③ .On
